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Tuesday, April 25, 2017
Gandhi on relationship between religion and politics
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
(b)
Gandhi on relationship between religion and
politics.
Ans.
Relationship Between Religion and Politics: Gandhi saw
an intimate relationship between religion and politics. He called for the
reinsertion of religion in shaping public life. Concept of Religion: Gandhi
believed all great religions of the world were at the bottom one and were all helpful
to one another. He compared religions with minds. Each mind, he said, had a different
conception of God from that of the other. All the same they pursue the same
God. He insisted that religion be differentiated from ethics. Fundamental
ethical precepts are common across religions although religions may differ from
each other with respect to their beliefs and practices.
(For the complete
answer and also the full set of answers of 1st and 2nd year MAH assignments
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Jaipal Singh and the Adivasi Identity
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
7 (a) Jaipal Singh and the Adivasi Identity.
Ans.
Championing Adivasi Identity: Jaipal raised the
issue of Adivasi identity in the Constituent Assembly.The dominant view in the
Assembly showed a patronizing attitude towards the tribals. The view was that
discontentment in the tribal areas existed because of their exclusion from the
mainstream development. It was emphasised that a civilizing mission and
assimilation of tribals into the national mainstream could help them.
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Sir Syed Ahmad Khan on Hindu-Muslim unity
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
(b)
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan on Hindu-Muslim unity.
Ans.
Hindu-Muslim Unity: Sir Syed was a strong advocate the
Hindu-Muslim unity. He called Hindus and Muslims as two beautiful eyes a beautiful
bride. In Tahzib-ul- Akhlaq, he wrote essays – one in 1888 and another 1898 –
asking Muslims to give up killing of cows. He said this would bring about good
relations between the Hindus and the Muslims. He appeared to suggest distinct
political options for the Muslims. He did not wish them ever to come closer to
the Congress. Sir Syed was disturbed by the movement to replace Urdu in Persian
script with that of Hindi in Nagari script which had emerged in the United
Provinces in 1867. He was disturbed by such a development. He argued that, “These
two nations will not work unitedly in any cause. At present there is no
hostility between them. But, on account of the so called educated people it
will increase a hundred fold in the future.” In 1870, he wrote a letter to
Nawab Mohsinul Mulk, he had raised concerns that “Muslims will never agree to
Hindi and if the Hindus, in accordance with their latest attitude, insist on
Hindi, they will reject Urdu. The inevitable consequence of such a move will be
that the two will be permanently separated
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M.S. Golwalkar on negative and positive Hindutava
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
6. (a) M.S. Golwalkar on negative and positive Hindutava.
Ans.
Negative and Positive Hindutva: Golwalkar said
there are two types of Hindutva – negative Hindutva and positive Hindutva. The
negative Hindutva, Golwalkar contended, was based on hatred as it developed in
response to the Muslim communalism, or the Congress secularism. Golwalkar
argued that we should not build our social system in contrast to the Muslims
and the British. Leaders those who followed negative Hindutva remained firm
supporters of Hindutva, but in their minds culturally they became Muslims as
because of their fierce opposition to Muslims.Negative Hindutva was a means to
capture political power.
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The early nationalist response to British rule
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
3. What was the early nationalist response to British rule? Elaborate.
Ans.
Indian nationalism has two phases. The first
phase continued until 1885 when the Indian National Congress was formed and the
second phase thereafter was expressed through popular mobilisation around
various anti-imperial ideologies. The first phase was largely dominated by the
zeal of social reforms that brought together individuals with more or less same
ideological agenda. Individuals played crucial roles in sustaining the zeal of
those who clustered around them. They were inspired by the idea of European
Enlightenment. Colonialism was hailed for its assumed role in changing the
archaic socio-political networks sustaining the feudal order. The colonialism
in this phase was not as ruthless as it was later. The British administration
under the aegis of the East India Company also appreciated social reforms
either as a matter of faith in the philosophy of Enlightenment or as a strategy
to infuse the Indian social reality with the values on which it drew its
sustenance. In this chapter, we will study about the early nationalist response
to the British rule that was largely appreciated in comparison with the
socio-political nature of the past rulers.
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The trajectory of Muslim thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
2. Write an essay on the trajectory of Muslim thought in the 19th and the 20th
centuries.
Ans. The Trajectory of Muslim Thought: In
the pioneering research in the mid 1970s, Francis Robinson highlighted the
crucial role played by Maulana Abd-al Bari of Farangi Mahal in the pan-Islamic
protest, particularly the Khilafat movement and in the foundation of the
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-I- Hind, which worked in close cooperation with the Indian
National Congress and opposed the Muslim League demand for a separate homeland.
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State and sovereignty in ancient India
MPSE-004: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT IN
MODERN INDIA
Course Code: MPSE-004
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-004//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
1. Discuss state and sovereignty in ancient India.
Ans. State and Sovereignty in Ancient
India: In lineage society during the mid-first
millennium BC, the basic unit was family under the control of the senior most
male member. The head person exercised his authority over the clans through
kinship and rituals. The families were tied together because of the genealogical
relationships. The kin connections and wealth led to differentiations between
the ruler and the ruled in the society. The state system emerged because of the
population growth, shift from pastoral to peasant economy, socio-cultural
heterogeneity and various other factors. Romila Thaper in her seminal work on
social formation (History and Beyond, collection of essays) says extensive
trade, the fall of political elite and democratic process resulted in the shift
towards state system. With the formation of state, the issue of governance
became a major concern of the society. In Mahabharata, there is
reference to Matsyanyaya, a condition in which small fishes become prey
to big fishes. It happens in a society where there is no authority. To avoid
such a crisis, people agreed to have a set of laws and they selected a person
to become the ruler or appealed to the God for a king who will maintain law and
order in the society. There are thus references to both Divine Origin of
Kingship and Social Contract Theory of Kingship. Various studies however, suggest
that the polity emerged as an independent domain. Monarchy was the dominant
form of government in the early Indian polity. As mentioned in the Shanti
Parva of the Mahabharata, there were seven constituents of the State.
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Edmund Burke’s critique of natural rights and social contract
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
(b)
Edmund Burke’s critique of natural rights and
social contract.
Ans.
Critique of Natural Rights and Social Contract: Burke
opposes to the doctrine of natural rights, yet he takes over the concept of the
social contract and attaches to it divine sanction. But his support of the
proposals for relaxing the restrictions on the trade of Ireland with Great
Britain, and for alleviating the laws against Catholics, cost him the seat at
Bristol (1780), and from that time until 1794 he represented Malton. When the
disasters of the American War brought Lord North’s government to a close, Burke
was paymaster of the forces under Rockingham (1782) and also under Portland
(1783), After the fall of the Whig ministry in1783, Burke was never again in
office. In 1788, he opened the trial of Warren Hastings by the speech which
will always rank among the masterpieces of English eloquence.
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Critical appreciation of Rousseau
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
7. (a) Critical appreciation of Rousseau
Ans.
Critical Appreciation: What Jean-Jacques Rousseau meant is
that government, social class, wealth and poverty are man-made prisons in which
people trap each other. In the “state of nature” to which we are all born,
those things do not exist. Remember that in his day there were no democracies
to speak of. People everywhere were ruled by absolute monarchs whose word was law.
Rousseau does not go so far as to claim that simple good manners, altruism and
general decent behaviour are also prisons, although some libertarian philosophers
certainly have gone that far. The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political
Right (1762) by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized
about the best way in which to set up a political community in the face of the
problems of commercial society which he had already identified in his Discourse
on Inequality (1754). Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.
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Johan Locke on social contract and civil society
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
(b)
Johan Locke on social contract and civil
society.
Ans.
Social Contract and Civil Society: Locke’s political
philosophy found its greatest expression in the Two Treatises of Civil
Government, published anonymously during the same year that the Essay
appeared under his own name. In the First Treatise Locke offered a
point-by-point critique of Robert Filmer’s Patriarchia, a quasi-religious attempt
to show that absolute monarchy is the natural system of human social
organization. The Second Treatise on Government develops Locke’s own
detailed account of the origin, aims, and structure of any civil government.
Adopting
a general method similar to that of Hobbes, Locke imagined an original state of
nature in which individuals rely upon their own strength, then described our
escape from this primitive state by entering into a social contract under which
the state provides protective services to its citizens. Unlike Hobbes, Locke
regarded this contract as revokable. Any civil government depends on the
consent of those who are governed, which may be withdrawn at any time.
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Thomas Hobbes on the rights and duties of the sovereign
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
6. (a) Thomas Hobbes on the rights and duties of the sovereign.
Ans.
Rights and Duties of the Sovereign: Hobbes has
definite ideas about the proper nature, scope and exercise of sovereignty. Much
that he says is cogent, and much of it can reduce the worries we might have
about living under this drastically authoritarian sounding regime. Many
commentators have stressed, for example, the importance Hobbes places upon the
rule of law. His claim that much of our freedom, in civil society, “depends on
the silence of the laws” is often quoted (Leviathan, xxi.18). In addition,
Hobbes makes many points that are obviously aimed at contemporary debates about
the rights of King and Parliament–especially about the sovereign’s rights as regards
taxation and the seizure of property, and about the proper relation between
religion and politics. Some of these points continue to be relevant, others are
obviously anachronistic: evidently Hobbes could not have imagined the modern
state, with its vast bureaucracies, massive welfare provision and complicated
interfaces with society. Nor could he have foreseen how incredibly powerful the
state might become, meaning that “sovereigns” such as Hitler or Stalin might
starve, brutalize and kill their subjects, to such an extent that the state of
nature looks clearly preferable.
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Aristotle’s salient political ideas
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
3. Examine Aristotle’s salient political ideas.
Ans.
Political Ideas of Aristotle Theory of Justice: Both
Plato and Aristotle agree that justice exists in an objective sense: that is,
it dictates a belief that the good life should be provided for all individuals
no matter how high or low their social status. “In democracies, for example,
justice is considered to mean equality, in oligarchies, again inequality in the
distribution of office is considered to be just,” says Aristotle. Plato sees
the justice and law as what sets the guidelines for societal behaviour.
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Plato’s Political Theory
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
2. Assess Plato’s Political Theory.
Ans.
Evaluation of Plato’s Political Theory Plato’s Adversaries: Plato’s
ideal state as portrayed in the Republic contains much that is of abiding
interest and universal import but it is also vitiated by a number of defects.
In his organic conception and construction of the ideal state Plato sees too
much analogy between the individual and the state. He practically identifies
the two and this identification leads to confusion. Plato fails to distinguish
ethics from politics. Plato’s ideal state is absolute and totalitarian. Based
on communism and rule of philosophy it is too collectivistic to allow full
freedom for the development of all the various faculties of a human being. Plato
in his ideal state fails to take notice of and denounce the vicious institution
of slavery. The great mass of the people i.e. the producing or appetite classes
are almost completely ignored and are reduced to the status of mere producers
of consumable goods. Plato permits the promotion of men of the lowest class to
the higher classes of guardians but provides no system of education for this
class which might result in such promotion. His men of brass and iron are
doomed to remain brass and iron. He overestimates intellect and underestimates
character.
The relationship between political thought and political science
MPSE-003: WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT (From
Plato to Marx)
Course Code: MPSE-003
Assignment Code: ASST/MPSE-003//2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
1. Discuss the relationship between political thought and political science.
Ans.
Relationship between Political Thought and Political Science: Political
thought is the study of concepts such as liberty, justice, property, rights,
law, and the enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or
even if) they are needed, what makes a government legitimate, what rights and
freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the
law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, if any, and
when it may be legitimately overthrown–if ever. In a vernacular sense, the term
“political philosophy” often refers to a general view, or specific ethic,
political belief or attitude, about politics that does not necessarily belong
to the technical discipline of philosophy. Political philosophy can also be
understood by analysing it through the perspectives of metaphysics,
epistemology and axiology thereby unearthing the ultimate reality side, the
knowledge or methodical side and the value aspects of politics. Three central
concerns of political philosophy have been the political economy by which
property rights are defined and access to capital is regulated, the demands of
justice in distribution and punishment, and the rules of truth and evidence
that determine judgments in the law.
The meaning and the importance of Bio-diversity
MHI-08: HISOTRY OF ECOLOGY IN INDIA
Course Code: MHI-08
Assignment Code: MHI-08/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
8. Discuss the meaning and the importance of Bio-diversity.
Ans.
Diversity of nature and its biological wealth
is called biodiversity. It is generally defined as the number and variability
of all the life forms pertaining to plants, animals and microorganisms and the
ecological complex they inhabit. The term biodiversity refers to the entire
gamut of life forms, the relationship between plants and animals and other
living organisms. The importance of biodiversity acquires new dimensions in a
country like India where it meets the basic survival needs of a vast number of
people. About 65,000 species of animals live in India. In them 2,546 species
are of fishes, 1,228 species of birds, 5,000 species of animals, 40,000 species
of insects, 428 species of reptiles, 312 species of mammals and 204 species of
amphibians.
The salient features of the Colonial Forest Policy in India
MHI-08: HISOTRY OF ECOLOGY IN INDIA
Course Code: MHI-08
Assignment Code: MHI-08/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100
Q.
7. Describe the salient features of the Colonial Forest Policy in India.
Ans.
During the colonial period, a great change was
seen in the demand and use of forest resources in India. Now the demand of
resources by Indians increased alongwith the British demands. For example, the
pressure on forests was increasing as a result of expansion of agriculture,
expansion of railways etc. The result was degradation of soil and ill-health.
Besides, the policies framed by the British for management and control of
forest had imbibed colonial character in which the local communities were
barred from using the forest and its resources while the British continued
exploiting them at a large scale.
(For the complete answer and also the full set of answers of 1st and 2nd year MAH assignments mail me : ignouhistoryhelpdesk@gmail.com, you may also WhatsApp me to get instant reply: +918157035638)
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