T[he rise of Islam in Arabia in 7th century

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

6. Write a brief note on the rise of Islam in Arabia in 7th century.

The Spread of Islam began when Muhammad (570 - 632) began publicly preaching that he had received revelations from God and claimed to be a prophet at the age of 40 . During his lifetime the Muslim ummah was established in Arabia by way of their conversion or allegiance to Islam. In the first centuries conversion to Islam followed the rapid growth of the Muslim world created by the conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphs.

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Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

5. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each: 10+10

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies
ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies
iii) The Roman Assembly
iv) Egyptian religion.

ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies

It is time we attempted a definition of the kind of social structure peculiar to the Bronze Age. This reconstruction shall depend mainly on the Mesopotamian evidence. It is for this region that thousands of written tablets of the third millennium BC are available to the historian, which give enormously detailed information. A large segment of an archive (dozens of clay tablets) for instance, document the month-by-month work of an official in charge of grain disbursements in one small centre.

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Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

5. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each: 10+10

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies
ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies
iii) The Roman Assembly
iv) Egyptian religion.

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies

Hunting gathering as a way of life spans almost 98 per cent of the period of existence of humans on earth. Hominids have lived on earth for more than 2.5 million years. Starting from the earliest point we have covered the period up to 12000 years ago when the Palaeolithic period comes to an end. Archaeology and Anthropology help us in understanding developments during this period.

 

The most elaborate surviving art is in the form of rock or cave art. This is available in the form of drawings made on walls, ceiling or floor of caves. The engravings and colours have been used to draw them. The drawings mainly pertain to animal figures representing mammoths, deer, fishes, birds etc. Human figures are less frequently drawn. Many figures are drawn where different parts of different animals have been shown in one imaginary animal. Hunting scenes with weapons in the hands of hunters are also drawn. The most remarkable find of cave paintings is in Spain in the Altamira caves. Altamira meaning ‘high look out’ has an elaborate cave system. The paintings done on the ceiling had bison, horses, deer, wolves and boars.

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A brief account of the Maya civilization

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

4. Give a brief account of the Maya civilization.

The ancient Maya civilization occupied the eastern third of Mesoamerica, primarily the Yucatan Peninsula. The topography of the area greatly varied from volcanic mountains, which comprised the highlands in the South, to a porous limestone shelf, known as the Lowlands, in the central and northern regions.

The Maya civilization flourished between 500B.C. and 1000A.D. (Classical period: 300-900 A.D.). The region where this civilization nestled includes modern Guatemala, Belize, southeastern Mexico, and the western parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The Maya Civilization did not present itself as an empire or unified political entity, but was a cultural unit of scattered urban and rural centres, both small and big, though many of the centres were related or rather connected with causeways. Also, the political influence of some of the large centres was evident from the use of their emblem glyphs (symbol in sculptured characters) on the monuments at smaller centres. The administrative structure also suggests that some centres were subordinate to larger city-states.

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The transition to democracy in ancient Greek civilization.

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

3. Analyse the transition to democracy in ancient Greek civilization.

The pattern of development of ancient Greece represents an exception during the age of empires. Greece was unique in that it was the centre of a great civilization but did not develop into an empire or even a territorially large political state. The historical experience of Greece therefore needs to be examined from the point of view of its distinctiveness. The most important feature of the period is conflict of landed aristocracy with peasants, and transition to democracy.

The Greek aristocracies were close-knit hereditary elites. They enjoyed power not merely because of their wealth but more significantly by virtue of their birth. The aristocratic families automatically held all executive, judicial, and military positions. That is why we refer to the political structures of the Greek states during the Archaic Period as being oligarchical in nature. The tyrants struck at the roots of this oligarchical control, thereby creating conditions for the transition to democracy. During the course of the Archaic Period a number of Greek states evolved into democracies. Some of the earliest democracies that we have information about were those of Chios and Megara where democratic institutions had come into existence around c. 600 BC.

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The process of urbanization in the Bronze Age civilizations

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

2. Give a detailed account of the process of urbanization in the Bronze Age
civilizations.

The Bronze Age was the period that followed the Stone Age, and the beginning of the Bronze Age was characterized by the introduction of metal and metal implements into human society. The unorganized settlements of humans that were characteristic of the Stone Age developed into highly evolved civilizations. The Bronze Age saw the earliest written script and witnessed much evolution in society and life. In parts of the world such as Mesopotamia, the Bronze Age commenced around 4500 BC, in China and Japan around 3000 BC and in Britain around 1900 BC.

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Pastoral noamadism, society and economy of nomadic pastoral communities

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

1. Define pastoral nomadism. Discuss society and economy of nomadic pastoral
communities.

The process of the growth of pastoral nomadism Domestication of animals was the first step towards the adoption of pastoral nomadic way of life. We will first discuss the domestication of various species of animals. This would be followed by a discussion on the main features of pastoral nomadism and the circumstances under which it developed in the earliest phase. We will also undertake survey of pastoral nomadic cultures in different regions. These pastoral nomadic cultures were spread in different regions and existed in different periods of time. Given the constrains of space in this question we will not go into the details of these cultures in each region instead we take into account the society, ways of life and economy of these cultures in general

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