The idea of Uni-polar world

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q: - ii) The idea of Uni-polar world.

The conclusion of the Second World War led to the emergence of a phase in international politics that was termed the ‘Cold War.’ The victors of the war had divided Europe into two antagonistic spheres, primarily based on the ideological differences between capitalism and communism. The Cold War in realpolitik reflected the conflicts of interest that had grown among the allies as the war came to a close. Mutual suspicion about the motives of the ‘other’ and the competing universalistic yet contradictory ideologies generated hostile posturing that on several occasions could have led to another catastrophic war with unforeseen consequences for humanity at large. For close to five decades the antagonism between the United States and the erstwhile Soviet Union determined the ebb and flows of international power politics with their proxy nations being witness to civil and military conflict, especially in Asia and Africa. The consequences of the Cold War, it can be premised, are still visible in the changing international order

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Limitations of modern warfare

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q10:- Write short notes on any two of the following in about 250 words each.

iii) Limitations of modern warfare

The term imperialism is used to designate the international practices and relations of the capitalist world during the distinct stage of mature capitalism that begins in the last 26 quarter of the 19th century.

The economic explanations offered by Hobson, Hilferding, Rosa Luxembourg and

Lenin had a common feature — a political agenda.

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Major technological innovations made in the 20th century

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q9:- Explain some major technological innovations made in the 20th century.

Technological development during the European Middle Ages had been slow. In the succeeding period change was associated with profound social and institutional upheavals. The emergence of the nation-state, the Protestant Reformation, the Renaissance and its accompanying scientific revolution, and the expansion of European colonialism were all linked to developing technology. Thus, imperial expansion was made possible by advances in seafaring, navigational technology and new firepower. The new printing presses of the Reformation helped disseminate all points of view, its intellectual ferment stimulated scientific and technological innovation. Many of the inventors and scientists of the period were Protestants.

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Write a note on the Cold War

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q8:- Write a note on the Cold War.

 

The Cold War defined all international relations until its sudden end in 1989-91, brought about by the reunification of Germany and the collapse of the USSR. Considerable research into the origins and course of the Cold War continues to be conducted – facilitated by declassification and availability to scholars of relevant governmental archives in the protagonist countries – and some general approaches are common in the literature along with differences on details and attributions of blame.

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Colonialism and the different stages of Colonialism

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q7:- What is colonialism? Discuss the different stages of colonialism.

If Imperialism is what happens in the metropolis, then colonialism is what happens in the colonies. The same system of capitalism that produced development in the Western world created under development in the colony. In this sense imperialism and colonialism are two sides of the same coin.

Colonialism is as modern a historical phenomenon as industrial capitalism. It describes the distinct stage in the modern historical development of the colony that intervenes between the traditional economy and the modern capitalist economy. It is a well structured whole, a distinct social formation in which the basic control of the economy and society is in the hands of a foreign capitalist class. The form of the colonial structure varies with the changing conditions of the historical development of capitalism as a worldwide system.

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The legacy of the French Revolution for polity in the modern world

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q6:- Discuss the legacy of the French Revolution for polity in the modern world.

The French Revolution along with the American War of Independence is given credit for movements such as liberalism, democracy and nationalism, although many of these ideas became greatly transformed in the second half of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century’s. No other idea has had such a deep impact on the emerging nations as the ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity. These concepts found expression in many different ways because although tliey had different meanings for different sections of society, they nonetheless enjoyed a universal appeal. (For the complete answer and also the full set of answers of 1st  year MAH assignments  mail me : ignousolvedmahassignmentz@gmail.com, you may also call or Whatsapp me to get instant reply: +919947147185)

Meaning of underdevelopment

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q: - iv) Meaning of underdevelopment.

Prior to the late eighteenth century, life was nothing other than ‘nasty, brutish and short’ for the vast majority of human beings. Technology changed slowly and sporadically, but it eased life only for a small ruling elite in the pre-industrial societies. In the late eighteenth century, Britain began to industrialize on the basis of technical progress in textile, coal-mining, iron-smelting and steam-power. Soon industrialization started to spill over to other regions. International flows of capital and commodities provided the stimulus for this development.

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Typologies of nationalism explained by Gellner

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q5:- Write short notes on any two of the following in about 250 words each.

iii) Typologies of nationalism explained by Gellner

A great paradox of nationalism is that its political power is strangely accompanied by its philosophical poverty. Although the political salience of nationalism is now acknowledged by all, it did not receive much of a scholarly attention that it deserved, until the 1960s. The great nationalist experience of the world remained curiously untheorized until the 1960s. Now that the works on nationalism have poured in, in a big way, we do not as yet have anything like the final word or even a consensus position on it.

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The main features of a socialist economy in Soviet Russia following the revolution of 1917

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q4:- Explain in brief main features of a socialist economy in Soviet Russia following the revolution of 1917.

Starting from the late medieval age and commercial capitalism, this economic progress further led to the coming of industrial capitalism. All these phases were associated with the advent and establishment of the principles of capitalist economy. But in the early years of 19th century a parallel critique of this market driven capitalist economy had begun. There was attempt to think of alternate economic models. Foremost among such thinkers were Marx and Engels apart from others. But the real testing time for this socialist model came with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917. It is in the backdrop of these developments that you would read about the background and later developments in the formulation and application of this model, mainly in Europe.

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Bureaucratization and the process of bureaucratization in trade unions

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q3:- What do you understand by bureaucratization? Analyze the process of bureaucratization in trade unions.

Bureaucratisation could be said to encompass the processes both of the centralization and expansion and of the professionalization of all institutions; and this happens as much in government as in the other principal structures of power like political parties, trade unions, corporations, the armed forces, and the educational, religious, legal, and medical and other technical establishments, as also what has come to be known as the non-governmental organizations.

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Major views criticizing capitalism

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

Q2:- Analyze the major views criticizing capitalism.

 

A number of prominent thinkers in Europe evolved a socialist critique of capitalism that has been important to how Europeans (and others) thought about industrialization.

The critique decried capitalism as exploitative and unjust, and sought alternative means of economic and social organization for future industrial development. The heavy stress on the exploitative nature of capitalist industrialization and the quest for different models distinguished the socialist critique from classical political economists who found weaknesses in capitalism. David Ricardo for instance, showed that tension and conflict were inherent aspects of capitalism: the result of increases in rent which followed naturally from initial increases in production, labour and population.

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The contribution of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in the making of modern world

MHI-02: MODERN WORLD

Course Code: MHI-02

Assignment Code: MHI-02/AST/TMA/2016-17

Total Marks: 100

INTRODUCTION

Q1:- Write a critical note on the contribution of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment in the making of modern world.

The term Renaissance, literally means "rebirth" and is the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages, conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values.

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Decline of feudalism

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

10. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each

i) Major scientific advances in medieval Eurome
ii) Cofucianism and Taoism
iii) Banjaras and their trading activities
iv) Decline of feudalism.

iv) Decline of feudalism

The decline of feudalism in some parts of the world brought about changes in the agrarian structures, which were becoming more responsive to the market pressures. Geography provided a stimulus to the maritime states of Europe.

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Banjaras and their trading activities

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

10. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each: 10+10

i) Major scientific advances in medieval Eurome
ii) Cofucianism and Taoism
iii) Banjaras and their trading activities
iv) Decline of feudalism.

iii) Banjaras and their trading activities

In medieval India the trading activities were very well developed and large scale trade was carried both inland and overseas. Highly specialized business communities had emerged. There were different groups of merchants dealing in specific commodities and regions. There were some groups who dealt in trading between hinter lands and towns while some others as big merchants in towns. Still other groups were involved in long distance trade over land or seas.

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Factors leading to changes in demography in Europe in the medieval period.

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

9. Explain various factors leading to changes in demography in Europe in the
medieval period.

Medieval Europe Population and Demography info, values and graphs. Major medieval cities in Europe. Most populous countries and cities of the Middle Ages.

The population of Europe was stable at a low level in the Early Middle Ages, boomed during the High Middle Ages, reached a stable peak from about 1250-1350 when a number of disasters (Black death, famine,  caused a steep decline, the nature of which historians have debated. Population levels then slowly expanded, gaining momentum in the early 16th century. Majority of people lived in countryside during Middle ages due the mostly agricultural feudal system.

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Textile production and glass making in the medieval period

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

8. Give a brief account of textile production and glass making in the medieval
period.

Textiles were the main item of export in Asia and Europe. The availability of raw material, dyeing and skill to manufacture bright coloured clothes created huge demand for Indian cotton fabric. The Europe dominated in the area of woollen textiles. The textile industry brought various parts of Europe together. The woollen textile manufacture in England and a few other regions of Europe were of high quality as sheep were reared in many parts of Europe. Various dye stuffs were imported for dying purposes. (Indigo from India and Kermes or a red dye from Mediterranean region) China led in the area of Porcelain and pottery making while glassware and metal crafts were preserves of Europe.

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The views of various scholars on feudalism in Europe

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

7. Analyse the views of various scholars on feudalism in Europe.

The term feudalism is recent, first appearing in French in 1823, Italian in 1827, and English in 1839 and in German in the second half of the nineteenth century. It derived from "feodal" which was used in seventeenth-century French legal treatises (1614) and translated into English legal treatises as "feodal government". In the 18th century Adam Smith popularized the forms "feudal government" and "feudal system" in his book Wealth of Nations (1776). In the 19th century the adjective "feudal" (i.e. "the feudal government") evolved into a noun: feudalism.

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T[he rise of Islam in Arabia in 7th century

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

6. Write a brief note on the rise of Islam in Arabia in 7th century.

The Spread of Islam began when Muhammad (570 - 632) began publicly preaching that he had received revelations from God and claimed to be a prophet at the age of 40 . During his lifetime the Muslim ummah was established in Arabia by way of their conversion or allegiance to Islam. In the first centuries conversion to Islam followed the rapid growth of the Muslim world created by the conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphs.

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Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

5. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each: 10+10

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies
ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies
iii) The Roman Assembly
iv) Egyptian religion.

ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies

It is time we attempted a definition of the kind of social structure peculiar to the Bronze Age. This reconstruction shall depend mainly on the Mesopotamian evidence. It is for this region that thousands of written tablets of the third millennium BC are available to the historian, which give enormously detailed information. A large segment of an archive (dozens of clay tablets) for instance, document the month-by-month work of an official in charge of grain disbursements in one small centre.

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Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

5. Write short notes on any two of the following in 250 words each: 10+10

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies
ii) Nature of kingship in the Bronze Age societies
iii) The Roman Assembly
iv) Egyptian religion.

i) Arts and communication in hunting gathering societies

Hunting gathering as a way of life spans almost 98 per cent of the period of existence of humans on earth. Hominids have lived on earth for more than 2.5 million years. Starting from the earliest point we have covered the period up to 12000 years ago when the Palaeolithic period comes to an end. Archaeology and Anthropology help us in understanding developments during this period.

 

The most elaborate surviving art is in the form of rock or cave art. This is available in the form of drawings made on walls, ceiling or floor of caves. The engravings and colours have been used to draw them. The drawings mainly pertain to animal figures representing mammoths, deer, fishes, birds etc. Human figures are less frequently drawn. Many figures are drawn where different parts of different animals have been shown in one imaginary animal. Hunting scenes with weapons in the hands of hunters are also drawn. The most remarkable find of cave paintings is in Spain in the Altamira caves. Altamira meaning ‘high look out’ has an elaborate cave system. The paintings done on the ceiling had bison, horses, deer, wolves and boars.

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A brief account of the Maya civilization

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

4. Give a brief account of the Maya civilization.

The ancient Maya civilization occupied the eastern third of Mesoamerica, primarily the Yucatan Peninsula. The topography of the area greatly varied from volcanic mountains, which comprised the highlands in the South, to a porous limestone shelf, known as the Lowlands, in the central and northern regions.

The Maya civilization flourished between 500B.C. and 1000A.D. (Classical period: 300-900 A.D.). The region where this civilization nestled includes modern Guatemala, Belize, southeastern Mexico, and the western parts of Honduras and El Salvador. The Maya Civilization did not present itself as an empire or unified political entity, but was a cultural unit of scattered urban and rural centres, both small and big, though many of the centres were related or rather connected with causeways. Also, the political influence of some of the large centres was evident from the use of their emblem glyphs (symbol in sculptured characters) on the monuments at smaller centres. The administrative structure also suggests that some centres were subordinate to larger city-states.

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The transition to democracy in ancient Greek civilization.

MHI-01: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL SOCITIES
Course Code: MHI-01
Assignment Code: MHI-01/AST/TMA/2016-17
Total Marks: 100

3. Analyse the transition to democracy in ancient Greek civilization.

The pattern of development of ancient Greece represents an exception during the age of empires. Greece was unique in that it was the centre of a great civilization but did not develop into an empire or even a territorially large political state. The historical experience of Greece therefore needs to be examined from the point of view of its distinctiveness. The most important feature of the period is conflict of landed aristocracy with peasants, and transition to democracy.

The Greek aristocracies were close-knit hereditary elites. They enjoyed power not merely because of their wealth but more significantly by virtue of their birth. The aristocratic families automatically held all executive, judicial, and military positions. That is why we refer to the political structures of the Greek states during the Archaic Period as being oligarchical in nature. The tyrants struck at the roots of this oligarchical control, thereby creating conditions for the transition to democracy. During the course of the Archaic Period a number of Greek states evolved into democracies. Some of the earliest democracies that we have information about were those of Chios and Megara where democratic institutions had come into existence around c. 600 BC.

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